Calculator Inputs and Outputs
Inputs
- Sum of x×y — example: 420
- Sum of x values — example: 50
- Sum of y values — example: 70
- Number of pairs — example: 10
- Covariance type — example: sample
Results
- Covariance
- Mean of x
- Mean of y
Formula used
Sample covariance divides by n−1; population covariance divides by n.
How to Use the Covariance Calculator
Enter the requested values, check the units and assumptions, then select Calculate Covariance. The built-in defaults provide a complete working example.
Formula
Sample covariance divides by n−1; population covariance divides by n.
Understanding the Results
The primary answer appears first. Supporting outputs show related quantities, conversions, dates, costs, ratios, or intermediate values. Calculations keep additional precision before display rounding.
Accuracy Tips
- Use measured values and consistent units.
- Review assumptions, rates, timing, and efficiency inputs.
- Recalculate after changing any condition.
Important Note
This tool provides an informational estimate. Confirm critical financial, medical, construction, scientific, tax, legal, or safety decisions with an appropriately qualified professional.
Calculation Standards
This tool uses documented formulas and high-precision internal values. Displayed results may be rounded for readability. Review the assumptions and verify important decisions with a qualified professional.
Read our calculation methodology